.. _standardisation-label: ========================================================== How to standardise the unknown information from inspection ========================================================== The information provided by the desk study and inspection may be incomplete, unclear or missing. In this chapter the standardisation starting points are presented, which help to consider the most realistic case per structural element; foundations, floors, roofs, walls and connections. Use the following guidelines in consultation with the lead engineer. Foundations ----------- +----------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Foundation width size per wall material and type | Footing columns | | +-------------------------+------------------------------------------+------------------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Typology of | | External masonry wall | | Internal masonry wall | | Light weight internal| | Timber | | Concrete | | | the building | | (CS or CM\ :sup:`t`) | | (CS or CM\ :sup:`t`) | | "load bearing" | | & Masonry | | & Steel | | | or building | | | | | | | | part +--------------+----------+--------------+----------+----------------+--------+-------+-------+ | | | | | Single | | Cavity | | Single | | Cavity | | Single layer | Timber | Steel | Other | | | | | | layer | | wall | | layer | | wall | | over slab on | | | | | | | | | | | | | sand | | | | | | +================+==============+==========+==============+==========+================+========+=======+=======+=============+=============+ | | 1 story | | tw* + 400 | -- | | tw + 400 | -- | | tw + 2ts** | 300 | -- | -- | 500x500 | -- | | | per 1950's | | "masonry | | | "masonry | | | (plain | | | | | | | | | stepped" | | | stepped" | | | concrete) | | | | | | | | \ :sup:`w` | | | | | | | | | | +----------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+----------------+--------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | | 2 stories | | 3tw or tw* | -- | | 3tw or tw* | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 800x800 | -- | | | per 1950's | | + 400 | | | + 400 | | | | | | | | | | | "masonry | | | "masonry | | | | | | | | | | | stepped" | | | stepped" | | | | | | | | | | \ :sup:`w` | | | | | | | | | | +----------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+----------------+--------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | | 1 story | tw + 300 | 500 | tw + 300 | 500 | | tw + 2ts | 300 | 400 | 400 | 500x500 | 700x700 | | | post 1950's | | | | | | (plain | | | | | | | | (concrete | | | | | | concrete), | | | | | | | | foundation) | | | | | | tw + 5ts | | | | | | | | | | | | | (reinforced | | | | | | | | | | | | | concrete) or | | | | | | | | | | | | | tw + 10ts | | | | | | | | | | | | | (precast | | | | | | | | | | | | | concrete) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+----------------+--------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | | 2 stories | -- | 600 | tw + 500 | 600 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 800x800 | 1000x1000 | | | per 1950's | | | | | | | | | | | | | (concrete | | | | | | | | | | | | | foundation) | | | | | | | | | | | +----------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+----------------+--------+-------+-------+-------------+-------------+ | | Notes | | | The units of this table are in mm. | | | This table is for 1 and 2 stories building including attics and for houses located in the Groningen region in case drawings | | or inspection info is not available. | | | \ :sup:`t`: CS & CM are Calcium Silicate and Clay Masonry brick walls. | | | \ :sup:`w`: just for hard clay layer / "vlijlaag" or also for post-1950’s stepped foundation on "stampbeton" and/or soil improvements. | | | tw: in mm is the thickness of the wall either for a since layer wall or the sum of the two layers and the cavity for cavity walls. | | | ts: in mm and is the thickness of the ground level slab floors. | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ .. figure:: _static/howto_standardisation/Foundation_MasonryWall_PlainConcreteSlab.png :align: center Internal masonry wall over a plain concrete slab. .. figure:: _static/howto_standardisation/Foundation_MasonryWall_ReinfConcreteSlab.png :align: center Internal masonry wall over a reinforced concrete slab. .. figure:: _static/howto_standardisation/Foundation_MasonryStepped.png :align: center Masonry stepped foundation. .. figure:: _static/howto_standardisation/Foundation_CavityWall.png :align: center Cavity wall foundation. Floors ------ +------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | Standardisation | +==========+=========================+================================================================+ | General | | Floor material | | Check the pictures to get an idea about the used | | | | | material. Check if the floors above and below are similar. | | | | | If yes, use the same properties. | | | | | If no, find similar floors from other objects. | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Presence of finishing | | Assume there are no finishing layers. | | | | layers | | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Ground floor on sand | | Do not model the floor. | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Timber | | Floor board | | By looking at the pictures it is usually clear what | | | | | material is used. If this is not possible, assume the | | | | | material based on the construction/renovation date; | | | | | before 1970 planks and after 1970 plates. | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Floor board thickness | | Planks: thickness 18 mm and width 165 mm | | | | | Plates: one layer, 12 mm | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Floor joist direction | | Check the pictures to see If the beams or planks are | | | | | visible and assume accordingly. If this is not possible, | | | | | assume the shortest distance. | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Floor joist dimensions| | Center to center distance: 600 mm | | | | | Height: 1/20 of the floor joist length | | | | | Width: 1/3 of the floor joist height | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Concrete | | Material | | There are two main materials that can be used: in-situ and | | | | | hollow core. By looking the floor from below it is apparent | | | | | which material is used. If there are joints along the slab, | | | | | then hollow core is used. If this is not possible, | | | | | use in-situ. | | | | | Attention: The joints can be covered so they cannot be seen. | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | In-situ concrete | | Shortest floor span/25 | | | | thickness | | | +-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Hollow core concrete | | Shortest floor span/30 and then decide which characteristic | | | | thickness | | thickness is closer; 150, 200, 260, 320 or 400 mm. | | | | | Assume thickness of compression layer equal to 50 mm. | +----------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+ Roofs ----- +---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | Standardisation | +=============+=========================+=============================================================+ | Timber | | Presence of timber | | From the pictures, gather the missing timber beams. | | | | beams | | However, judge which of them are important for the | | | | | structure. Avoid modelling every detail. | | +-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Support on cavity | | Usually, the roof supports on the inner cavity wall. | | | | walls | | | +-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Roof board | | By looking at the pictures it is usually clear what | | | | | material is used. If this is not possible, assume the | | | | | material based on the construction/renovation date; | | | | | before 1970 planks and after 1970 plates. | | +-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Connection between | | A beam should be modelled at the intersection of the | | | | timber roof and | | plane of the roof and the plane of the attic. This beam | | | | timber attic floor | | should have a hinge connection with the adjacent shapes. | | +-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Connection between | | Rigid connection | | | | timber wall plate | | | | | and masonry wall | | | +-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Connection between | | Hinge connection | | | | timber roof rafters | | | | | and timber wall plate | | +-------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | | Hardboard | | Presence | | Disregard this material as it is not certain if it | | | and / or | | | can provide proper diaphragm action. Consider it as an | | | Softboard | | | added mass to the attaching load bearing elements, | | | | | e.g. rafters, purlins, etc. | +-------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+ Walls ----- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | Standardisation | +=============+=====================+=================================================================+ | Masonry | | Material | | Assume the material properties based on the renovation | | | | | stages. | | +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Thickness | | Assume the wall thickness based on the attaching walls. | | +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Connection | | If it is not possible to see from the pictures the wall | | | | | connection assume that it is connected. | | +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Cavity wall ties | | Basis of Design document (UPR) contains specific | | | | | guidelines. | | +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Presence of | | Apply lintels to all openings if no information is | | | | lintels | | provided. | | +---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | Lintel properties | | Material: Linear concrete | | | | | Width: Width of the attaching wall | | | | | Height: 100 mm | | | | | Supporting length: 100 mm | +-------------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ Connections ----------- +--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | Standardisation | +==================================================+==================================================+ | | Connection between 1D elements | | Hinge connection | | | (e.g. beam to beam, beam to column, etc.) | | +--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+